Doktorské konference FA ČVUT /
PhD conferences FA CTU

TÝDEN VĚDY A VÝZKUMU 2023	05/10-20/10/2023
Týden vědy a výzkumu 2023 byl podpořen v rámci Studentské vědecké konference ČVUT SVK

Jaroš Andrej

Bratislavské vily z medzivojnového obdobia a ich premeny v čase

téma doktorské práce	Kúpeľné objekty z medzivojnového obdobia na Slovensku od českých architektov
škola	Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy v Praze
školitel	doc.PhDr. Marie Klimešová, PhD.
anotace	Contribution should focus on the issues of the modernist architecture of the interwar period, with particular emphasis placed on the context of reception of the latest trends in contemporary architecture and subsequent adaptation news at home. As an example selection of villas 5 of the said period built in Bratislava. All were built around the same period in the range of one decade (30 years of the 20th century), besides it will be interesting to watch on their lives, until we get to the present, so that we can evaluate / recapitulate their condition and functionality. The first is in the order of Vila Novotny, located on the street Božena Němcová nr. 8. In the year 1928, it proposed a Czech architect Adolf Benš, student of architect Jan Kotěra at the Prague Academy of Fine Arts, and later Joseph Gočár. Undeniably inspired by the European avant-garde architecture, with ideas drawn from visits to Paris in 1925 at the World Exhibition of decorative arts interested him particularly Pavilion L'Esprit Nouveau Swiss pioneer of functionalism Le Corbusier and Soviet constructivist object from Melnikova. Novotny villa is among the early works Benšová the Slovak labor law and is considered one of the most perfect realization of what was built in the functionalist typological sphere of Architecture in Slovakia. Villa in Bratislava was built between 1929-1930. Villa in original condition survived the Second World War and the period of socialism without any pronounced-infringement. However, after the Velvet Revolution, the transformation of the office building of the Slovak Literary Fund in 1992 under the architect insensitive reconstruction Oliver Šabík lost its authenticity as well as its clean stylish expression. Cubic mass was essentially maintained but by the addition on the top terrace, as well as changing the color of the original white plaster on The salmon by a panel of gray stone. In total, the villa has lost its avant-garde appearance as well as retaining its original residential function. It is thus an example of how it can be discarded by tampering significant architectural monument and thus devalue the value. The following second villa belonged to his time also among the best examples of the then nascent just the functionalist architecture. It was a villa Slovak grafia publishing director, Ing. Karol Jaroň, from the famous Czech functionalist pair operating in Bratislava since the establishment of the independent Czechoslovak state: Alois Balan and Jiří Grossmann. Both had excellent architectural education at the Prague Technical University with Josef Kotěra and Plečnik. The villa was built in 1930 by architect František Kadeŕavek designed by architects mentioned in 1929 was situated on Uhrová Street No.4 in the hilly area Kramáre. Although Jaroňová villa is not only Balánovo work of this kind, Matúš Dulla and Henrieta Moravčíková note that this was just one of najexpresívnejších villas Slovakia. In 2011 it incomprehensible reasons, the whole completely demolished. This affair has become an example of irresponsible destruction of architectural heritage in Slovakia, with which we are confronted today too often. It's almost a great pity that this precious object as a bold expression of breakthrough time failed maintained in its original form and for future generations. In order third show Vila Lengyel, also known as Vila "L" build in 1929, designed by the architectural significantly Bratislava pair Fridrich Wienwurm and Ignác Vécsei. Fridrich was Weinwurm student at the Faculty of Architecture of the German University of Technology in Dresden and Berlin and his colleague Ignác Vécsei again graduated from the Faculty of Architecture of the Technical University of Budapest. In their joint work and reflect the latest architectural currents of the aforementioned European centers. Architects designed the purist villa on the street Podtatranského 3 slope in emerging residential area called Hausbergl, which is situated in a prime location Slavin. Fortunately, most noble villa's interior, including wooden panelácie walnut wood preserved in pristine condition thanks to enlightened new owner of the villa, artist and educator Marian Mudroch, son of the famous Slovak painter Ján Mudroch. This villa is thus a good example of how to preserve the original function and value of homes in the original conservation of non-infringement. The fourth villa which represent are among the masterpieces of residential architecture from said pair of authors Weinwurm-Vécsei. Compositionally spectacular and detailed designed villa is „dressed into puristic style of coat“ in a horizontal line. It is also fitted to the rising terrain Novosvetská street No.8. in a luxury residential area named Slavin. It was built in 1935 for Dr. Oscar Pfeffer, director of the nearby Jewish Hospital, by the same authors. In professional circles is also called Slovak Villa Tugendhat, or otherwise known as Vila Schwadron, named after the creator of a complete interior design, the Viennese architect Ernst Schwadron. After World War II villa was nationalized and received it under the administration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which here after radical overhaul established a specialized facility for the investigation of particularly serious crime. Thus a valuable object with custom designed interior from the famous Viennese interior architect Ernst Schwadron in a spectacular yet still simple post-art-deco style was completely removed, and thus lost its authentic atmosphere of superior architecture of the interwar period and ceased to fulfill its original function - housing . The fifth and last in the order of the villa is Markovičova villa, designed by famous Slovak architect Emil Belluš in 1937 – 1938. Emil Belluš was a graduate of the Faculty of Architecture, Czech Technical University in Prague is considered the father of Slovak modernist architecture, just when it was inflicted in 1939 based within the Faculty of Architecture of the Slovak Technical University in Bratislava. The four-storey building is located on an elevated terrace in a slightly sloping terrain Bradlianska Street No. 1, near the residential area called Palisades. After the new owners bought the villa, in the years 2009 - 2011 and thoroughly renovated exemplary architects Matej Galanda, Peter Hažer, Juraj Radošovský from the studio ELEMENT. Maintained initially valuable details as well as part of the built-in, custom furniture designed by the architect of the project. This Bellušová villa is as a prime example of how to sensitively and professionally reconstruct functionalist architecture to maintain its original function well with the original design concept, and also to have a comfortable and all the achievements of our age. Finally lectures, I would like to summarize the fate of these five major select testimony fairies and demonstrate the wide diapason of their individual destinies. It is interesting to track and trace their past, as the influence of time, polity and economic realities of their new owners have changed. Do not interesting facts are as able to cope with the impact of exposure time and as able to adapt or rather adapt to challenging conditions of today. Important memento is also a review of their importance at the time of its formation and how to participate in their pure and original architectural language for the development of former exhibitions family residences and what the value with reference to preserve this day for the current generation. Question and loose continuation of their further destiny comes with a future issue of historic preservation, which will objects from this period, demand ever more urgently.